How We Heal from the Newtown Tragedy

EducationWorld is pleased to present this article contributed by C.M. Rubin. The piece is part of Rubin's online interview series Global Search for Education, in which she joins globally renowned thought leaders as they explore big-picture education questions that all nations face. For this series and her online series "How Will We Read?", she received a 2011 Upton Sinclair award. Rubin is the author of three bestselling books, including The Real Alice in Wonderland.

When beautiful little children and their brave teachers die in a senseless act of unspeakable violence such as the one at Sandy Hook Elementary School, the nation cries. We pray for relief from overwhelming grief, and from these prayers come the hope that the nation will be inspired by love, with courage and compassion to do better for all of its people, especially its children.

It’s Christmastime in Newtown, CT, but on the morning of my visit, there is no joy in the air. There is only heartbreak. My husband and I built our idyllic country home just a few miles from this rustic New England town. It was here that our children learned valuable lessons about family and community far away from the fast-paced world of Upper-East-Side Manhattan. It is ironic that since Dec. 14, 2012, we are trying to comprehend new lessons we never expected to experience in our fairy-tale home away from home.

Dr. Brian Fallon (left) and C.M. Rubin

The end of the shooting is the beginning of a journey to heal, marking lessons that we should have learned from Columbine, Colorado;  Red Lake, Minnesota; Essex, Vermont; Lancaster, Ohio and Virginia Tech, Virginia, to name but a few.

The journey will be long and difficult given the mental and emotional health issues that the community overwhelmed by this trauma may face over the coming months and years. I asked fellow Fairfield County resident and Professor of Psychiatry at Columbia University, Dr. Brian Fallon, to share his thoughts on these issues.

What are the kinds of PTSD and other stress-related emotional problems that this community can expect to face in the short and long term?

This horrific event perpetrated on such young children has shocked our nation. The people of Newtown, which is a small, tightly knit community, are devastated and in grief. Their response to this trauma will be shaped by the strength of their community bonds and by the unthinkable nature of this event.

A normal reaction to a catastrophic event is stress, which usually manifests as both emotional and physical symptoms. For most of the children and adolescents not directly affected, these reactions may last days to weeks. A subgroup of children, however, may develop symptoms that last months to years.  These may include PTSD (in 10-35% of children), and many more will develop less intense anxiety symptoms, specific phobias (e.g., of the dark), and/or separation anxiety. The risk of developing PTSD after a disaster is related to the proximity to the event (i.e. , where in the school was the child at the time of the shooting?), his/her relationship to those who died (i.e., did a friend or family member die?), and the cumulative burden of previous stressors on the individual. 

Our Connecticut/NY/NJ community, for example, has just come through Hurricane Sandy with massive trees falling and houses demolished by flooding. Any child already traumatized by feeling unsafe as a result of Hurricane Sandy may well experience this Newtown school massacre even more acutely, with an increased risk of PTSD symptoms. 

Typical PTSD symptoms include frequent intrusive memories of the event (or in young children, play in which the trauma is repeated over and over), frightening dreams (e.g., nightmares of monsters or of rescuing others), increased vigilance to harm in the environment with increased jumpiness, and physical or emotional symptoms at reminders of the event (e.g., TV or magazine references to the shooting, loud noises at school, children screaming). 

Other symptoms associated with PTSD may also emerge, such as anxiety, worrying that an event like this may happen again or that one will die at a young age, irritability or anger outbursts, problems with peer relationships, withdrawal from family or friends, psychosomatic complaints (e.g.,  feeling sick, stomach pain, or headaches) and having problems with concentration. Developmental regression is a normal stress response, especially among younger children, who may  become more clingy (shadowing the parent around the house, wanting to sleep in the parent’s bed) or needy and resume thumb-sucking or  bed-wetting.

Among some children, research indicates that beginning perhaps six months to one year after the event, a child may show signs of depression or panic attacks. Indeed, recovery from PTSD itself may then be followed by depressive symptoms, especially if there was a loss of a sibling or friend. Studies show that up to 90% of children who experienced the death of a close family member during a disaster may develop depressive symptoms. Studies also suggest that girls and younger children are at greater risk of developing post-traumatic stress reactions.

Can you speak about caring for the very young children in the aftermath of this tragedy? What should adults do?

Support from the important adults in a child’s life is critical. This includes parents, teachers, relatives, religious communities and older peers. A feeling of safety needs to be established. It’s best if normal family routines are maintained and if adults are as present as possible, both emotionally and physically.  Talking about the event with children is essential and will serve to decrease the fear. Children will look to their parents; parents should admit their concerns but also stress their ability to cope with this disaster and the safety of the child. Allow the child opportunities to express feelings and ask questions, through words, through writing a journal, through drawing and through play. Be understanding when the stress comes out in emotional outbursts or psychosomatic distress. Psychotherapy (individual, group, or family) can be very helpful, as can behavior medication techniques and cognitive therapy to help reduce fears and worries. With the help of sensitive and supportive family members and professionals, young children and adolescents with PTSD can learn to cope with the traumatic memories and eventually live happy and productive lives.

Photo courtesy of C.M. Rubin

Can you speak about caring for the adults (e.g., teachers and parents) who were affected? What kinds of anxieties could they be experiencing?

Grief will affect all. The trauma of losing a young child never goes away, and while the grief may be quite protracted, healing occurs over time. Many will have an increased sense of the precariousness of life. Some adults may experience guilt, wondering what they could have done differently to prevent or alter the attack. Others will turn their grief and rage into productive social and political action to help reduce the risk of similar threats to children. The community is likely to resent the media spotlight and intrusive attention, seeking a return to the normal routines that are so valuable in giving comfort. 

PTSD and depression will affect some, and likely many of those directly impacted. For the sake of their own well-being and for the sake of caring most effectively for their children, these adults should seek evaluation and guidance from professional therapists and from their religious communities. 

What kind of comprehensive assessment and treatment program (traditional and non-traditional education and therapeutic approaches) do you recommend this community and other schools around the nation put in place to help those struggling with the aftermath of the Sandy Hook Elementary School massacre?

Children deserve to be educated in a safe environment. Many schools, but not all, are safe. In the aftermath of high-profile school disasters (such as Columbine and Virginia Tech), many schools have put into place security measures that markedly enhance school safety. The Sandy Hook Elementary School did have such security measures. These, at minimum, should be mandatory for all schools. Our society, in light of this Newtown disaster, needs to once again address what additionally it can do to help ensure the safety of our children.

The outcry calling for a ban on assault weapons makes sense, as without such guns, fewer children would have died. From a psychological perspective, teachers should be alert to behavioral disturbances in children, such as psychosomatic complaints or school refusal in younger children or declining school performance or emotional withdrawal in older children.

School counselors should visit classes and welcome students to come talk to them or to the school nurses. High-school students would benefit from mandated group counseling led by older students trained as peer group leaders. Counseling sessions can address the normal and atypical stressors of life. Attending to the psychological issues which affect our young students is a key part of the educational process.

Education World®    
Copyright © 2012 Education World